Does a Mother owe a Duty of Care to her unborn child - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2605 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Childhood Essay Duty Essay Did you like this example? ASSIGNMENT 1: TOPIC 2 OVERVIEW Traditionally, legal protection was rarely granted to unborn child and in the event they were granted such protection, it was strictly dependent on their live birth.[1] Since then, the law governing a motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s liability for prenatal injury has evolved and varies drastically across many jurisdictions. For example, in Canada, the courts generally take into account several policy factors to grant them immunity from liability. It is to be expected that a large majority of society would accept the proposition that a mother is required to care for and protect her child for many reasons such as emotional and moral reasons. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does a Mother owe a Duty of Care to her unborn child?" essay for you Create order However, it is unclear whether such a percentage would agree with the fact that a mother would be liable for causing prenatal injuries to her unborn child. Perhaps the most important issue of granting mothers full immunity is that the child would not be compensated for their prenatal injuries from their mother and also from third parties like insurers. This article will examine the current law across various jurisdictions like Canada and the United Kingdom (particularly the various policy considerations adopted) in order to ascertain the most suitable approach to be implemented in Australia, since the question whether a mother owes a duty of care towards her unborn child is still unsettled in this jurisdiction. This article will also consider arguments for and against imposing a duty of care. Lastly, it concludes with a suggestion that a mother should not be liable for causing prenatal injury to her unborn child other than in motor vehicle accidents[2] and why this will be the mos t appropriate approach. INTRODUCTION Essentially, a duty of care is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"an obligation imposed on a person to take reasonable care to ensure that they do not cause another person to suffer harmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[3] The relationship between a parent and a child is one such circumstance that draws such a duty of care to be imposed in some jurisdictions. It has been accepted by many that the duty of care outlined above will only accrue when a child is born and possesses legal rights.[4] Having said that, some commentators are of the view that since a fetus is completely dependent upon his mother for nourishment and life, a pregnant woman should owe a similar duty of care to her unborn child.[5] It is without a doubt that the right of an unborn child to sue its mother will bring about several ethical and moral issues that will put a strain on family ties. In Australia, when a child is born it is automatically entitled to sue for breach of rights.[6] The courts have extended this view to include situations wh ere the unborn child sustains injuries prior to being born.[7] It is well established that the courts have held third parties like negligent road users[8] and doctors[9], liable for injuries inflicted onto an unborn child. Although the child possessed no legal rights when the damage was inflicted, it materializes when it is born and hence, reflects the laws of negligence which states that a cause of action does not accrue until damage or harm is suffered. Conversely, the courts are reluctant to apply such standards of care when it concerns prenatal injuries inflicted upon an unborn child by its mother resulting in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"maternal immunityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for such injuries. Currently in Australia, a mother owes no such duty of care towards her child except in the event of road accidents.[10] It should be noted at this stage that whilst Australia has not applied such a duty of care in such circumstances, the courts have neither rejected it completely[11], unlike the appro aches adopted in Canada and United Kingdom. CURRENT LAW CANADA In Canada, policy factors have to be taken into account before reaching a decision as to whether a mother owes a duty of care to her unborn child. This issue was dealt with in the landmark cases of Winnipeg Child and Family Services (Northwest Area) v G (DF) [1997] 3 SCR 925 (Winnipeg Child and Family Services) and Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson [1999] 2 S.C.R. 753 (Dobson), where the Supreme Court of Canada had first tackled this issue. Dobson involved a claim against a pregnant mother for causing injuries to her unborn child due to her negligent driving. Her fetus was apparently damaged in this and had to be delivered prematurely via caesarean section on the day of the accident. As a result, the child was born with cerebral palsy. A tort claim was brought by the maternal grandfather on behalf of the child in order to claim from his fatherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s insurance policy so as to cover the damages caused by negligent driving. The majority in this case found that a pregnant woman should not be held liable in the situation as a claim for negligent driving should be treated no differently to any other negligent acts of the mother.[12] McLachlin JJ goes on to add that imposing such a liability would restrict a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights. Specifically à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"they would lose their liberty and not be treated equally with other women in societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[13]. The majority then went on to cite the test laid out in Kamloops[14]. Following Kamloops, the Court said a duty of care is recognized if the involved parties are closely related and if the issue raises questions about public policy. One might argue that although a fetus and its mothers are usually seen as one person, the Court in this case addressed the issue as if they were two separate people. It is also vital to note that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"reasonable pregnant womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ standard of care is an objective test. The majority in this case deemed it to take into account in this case[15] as it will raise many issues regarding a pregnant womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personal lifestyle choices which will have a negative impact on her privacy and way of life. Eventually, the majority came to a conclusion that public policy factors associated with imposing a duty of care on mothers towards their unborn child à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"are of such a nature and magnitude that they clearly indicate that a legal duty of care cannot and should not be imposed by Courtsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[16] Hence, the Court held that the public policy considerations were paramount and outweighed any sufficiently close relationship between the parties that gave rise to the duty of care and that the mother did not owe a duty of care her unborn child even in circumstances where it involved motor vehicle accidents. It should be noted that Australian courts reach a different decisions as times due to the fact that emphasis is not placed on applying the public policy considerations in such cases. Also, when it concerns motor vehicle accidents in Australia, the mother is held liable for prenatal injuries caused to her unborn child if she was negligent without weighing the public policy considerations. In Winnipeg, the Supreme Court of Canada held that a pregnant woman who was addicted to glue sniffing could not be taken away against her will in trying to protect the interest of her unborn child. The Court concluded that they had no jurisdiction to interfere in such matters and that it was beyond the scope of the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s power to detain a pregnant woman against her will. As such, the Court stated that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"To extend the law of tort to permit an order for the detention and treatment of a pregnant woman for the purpose of preventing harm to the unborn child would require major changes to the existing law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ these are the sort of changes which should be left to the legislatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[17] UNITED KINGDOM The current law in the United Kingdom surrounding this issue is very similar to that adopted in Australia.[18] The Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 (UK) grants mothers a legal immunity from liability for causing prenatal injuries to her unborn child. However, the court cited that a legal duty should be imposed where it is the result of a motor vehicle accident.[19] Section 2 of the Congenital Disabilities Act states: A woman driving a motor vehicle when she knows (or ought reasonably to know) herself to be pregnant is to be regarded as being under the same duty to take care for the safety of her unborn child as the law imposes on her with respect to the safety of other people; and if in consequence of her breach of that duty her child is born with disabilities which would not otherwise have been present, those disabilities are to be regarded as damage resulting from her wrongful act and actionable accordingly at the suit of the child. In enacting this leg islation, the United Kingdom Law Commission also took into consideration public policy factors that was applied in other jurisdictions.[20] AUSTRALIA As discussed above, only a third party, who is not the mother of the unborn child, can be found to have owed a duty of care to the child.[21] In Lynch v Lynch (by her tutor Lynch) (1991) 25 NSWLR 411 (Lynch v Lynch), a mother was found guilty of negligent driving, causing an accident which resulted in cerebral palsy in her unborn child. Public policy factors were not applied in this case as Clarke JA held that the question before the court was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"very narrow and related specifically to road accidents.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[22] The court also took into account whether there was a presence of a compulsory motor vehicle insurance in concluding whether the mother owed a duty of care to her unborn child.[23] The majority decision in Lynch v Lynch was affirmed and cited in Bowditch v McEwan [2002] QCA 172 (Bowditch v McEwan). It has been long established that a duty of care is owed to pedestrians and other road users.[24] However, Watt v Rama extended this duty of care to inco rporate fetuses injured in road accidents. In this case, a mother who was pregnant caused injuries to her unborn child as a result of her negligent driving. The child subsequently suffered from epilepsy and brain damage. The mother denied that she owed her unborn child a duty of care whilst it was still in her womb. However, the Victorian Supreme court held that since the child was born handicapped as a result of the injuries sustained while it was still in its motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s womb, attracts a duty of care. As a result, it was immaterial whether the child was born or not when the injury was sustained, so as long as the victim fell into a category of people that would be affected by a negligent act caused by someone else. Although the Australian courts are required to specifically apply public policy considerations in ascertaining whether a duty of care exists, it is not as rigid and explicit as the approach adopted in Canadian courts. ARGUMENTS FOR IMPOSING A DUTY OF CARE There are many factors that needs consideration when a jurisdiction imposes a duty of care that will attract an ethical and legal difficulties. The pivotal argument put forth in cases in imposing a duty of care is that a fetus is solely dependent upon its mother for nutrition in order for it to develop healthily.[25] Hence, it is reasonable foreseeable that any negligent acts would have a undesirable impact on the unborn child. Unquestionably, the proximity test would satisfy the neighborhood principle established in Donoghue v Stevenson.[26] In addition, by imposing a duty of care, a mother will most likely act in the best interests of her unborn child. For example, a pregnant woman might refuse to attend medical checkups or follow medical advice that would benefit the unborn child. Also, she might refrain from harmful activities like smoking and drinking that will negatively impact upon an unborn child. ARGUMENTS AGAINST IMPOSING A DUTY OF CARE. Some factors would prevent such a duty from being imposed due to the repercussions it might have on the society as well as in their personal lives. This mainly revolves around preserving the autonomy and privacy of a pregnant woman.[27] As discussed in this article, Cory J in Dobson v Dobson, made it clear that a pregnant womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rights must be upheld as first and foremost, she is a human being and should be afforded the same rights as others. The courts are also reluctant on imposing a general duty of care as this would encourage children to sue their parents in negligence. If this trend continues, it could have adverse effects on the relationship between the mother and the child as well as the rest of its family.[28] However, this reason on its own is not sufficient to complete eradicate the duty of care owed to an unborn child. SUGGESTED APPROACH FOR AUSTRALIA? On one hand, it is very important for a mother to consider how her actions might have an impact on her unborn child, however, it is not in the hands of the judiciary to dictate how she should live her personal life as that would interfere with her right to privacy. While Australian courts have not imposed a general duty of care in such cases, it has not been rejected as well. 1 [1] Lenow, The Fetus as Patient: Emerging Rights as a Person?, 9 AM. J. L. MED. 1, 3 (1983). [2] Watt v Rama [1972] VR 353. [3] LexisNexis, Encyclopaedic Australian Legal Dictionary, LexisNexis https://www.lexisnexis.com.au. [4] X and Y (by her Tutor X) v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26, 30 (Mahoney JA). [5] Beal, Can I Sue Mommy? An Analysis of a Womans Tort Liability for Prenatal Injuries to Her Child Born Alive, 21 San Diego L. Rev. 325, 326 (1984). [6] X and Y (by her Tutor X) v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26, 30 (Mahoney JA). [7] X and Y (by her Tutor X) v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26, 41 (Clarke JA) stated that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"In principle it should be accepted that a person may be subjected to a duty of care to a child who was neither born nor conceived at the time of his careless acts or omissions such that he may be found liable in damages to that child.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [8] Watt v Rama [1972] VR 353; Road Accident Fund v Mtati (332/2004) [2005] ZASCA 65; [2005] 3 All SA 340 [9] Yvonne Joyce McLennan v McCallum [2007] WADC 67. [10] Lynch v Lynch (1991) 25 NSWLR 411 affirmed in Bowditch v McEwan [2002] QCA 172. [11] Kate Wellington, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Maternal Liability for Prenatal Injury: The Preferable Approach for Australian Law?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2010) 18 Tort Law Review 89, 90. [12] Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Dobson, [1999] 2 S.C.R. 753 (Lamer CJ, LHeureux-DubÃÆ' ©, Gonthier, Cory, McLachlin, Iacobucci, Binnie JJ; Major, and Bastarache JJ dissenting). [13] Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v Dobson [1999] 2 SCR 753, [19] (Cory J). [14] City of Kamloops v. Nielsen (1984) 2 SCR 2. [15] Do, Christina and Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackie. The ethical and legal conundrum: Should a mother owe a duty of care to her unborn child? [online]. Journal of Applied Law and Policy, 2013: 5. [16] Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v Dobson [1999] 2 SCR 753, [76] (Cory J). [17] Winnipeg Child and Family Services (Northwest Area) v G (DF) [1997] 3 SCR 925. [18] Do, Christina and Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackie. The ethical and legal conundrum: Should a mother owe a duty of care to her unborn child? [online]. Journal of Applied Law and Policy, 2013: 9. [19] Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 (UK), s 2. [20] United Kingdom, Law Commission, Injuries to Unborn Children, Report No 60 (1974) Cmnd 5709, pp 53-64. [21] Watt v Rama [1972] VR 353 affirmed in X and Y (by her Tutor X) v Pal (1991) 23 NSWLR 26. [22] Lynch v Lynch(by her tutor Lynch)(1991) 25 NSLR 411, 415 (Clarke JA). [23] Do, Christina and Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackie. The ethical and legal conundrum: Should a mother owe a duty of care to her unborn child? [online]. Journal of Applied Law and Policy, 2013: 8. [24] Manley v Alexander [2005] HCA 79. [25] Do, Christina and Mapulanga-Hulston, Jackie. The ethical and legal conundrum: Should a mother owe a duty of care to her unborn child? [online]. Journal of Applied Law and Polic y, 2013: 3. [26] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. [27] Bowditch (by his next friend Bowditch) v McEwan [2001] QSC 448, [10]. [28] Dobson (Litigation Guardian of) v Dobson [1999] 2 SCR 753, [46] (Cory J).

The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson - 1227 Words

â€Å"The Lottery,† the short story by Shirley Jackson. The plot is not too hard to understand except that you do not realize what is going on until the very end. It talks about the people gather in the village square. Then they seem to be gathering up stones especially the children, and then there is the actual lottery. That means a drawing where somebody is going to â€Å"win.† Now, it turns out that after everybody pulls out their pieces of paper, and there is this elaborate ritual where family unit go and then the actual family members draw their numbers. But finally, Tessie Hutchinson, one of the house wives, one of the mothers in the community, gets the paper with the black dot on it, and she does not win anything good. In fact she is marked†¦show more content†¦The second paragraph, it is like an innocent game, but the stones’ actual reason turn out to be obviously toward the end of story. According to â€Å"Bobby Martin had already stuffed his p ocket full of stones, and the other boys soon followed his example, selecting the smoothest and roundest stones- eventually made a great pile of stones in one corner of the square and guarded it against the raids of the other boys.† (Jackson 290). Before the villagers arrive, they were carrying with them a less happy tone. The villagers’ exchange a bit of gossip laughing quietly. The way that the men assembled far from the stone pile, and they realize what is going to happen is not right. They don’t have the enthusiasm of the kids, who truly are not awareness and mature enough to realize their actions. They think it as a sort of a game. The author makes some scenes are used for foretelling ahead as a part of the story by specifying the pile of stones and the way the villagers keep a space from it. â€Å"They stood together, away from the pile of stones in the corner, and their jokes were quiet and they smiled rather than laughed.† (Jackson 291). The author gives us something was happened like the horrific ending of the tradition. We get one explanation of why this lottery even exists from one of the characters, Old Man Warner. He explains that there’s some connection between the corn that’s growing and this ritual. So he says â€Å"Lottery in June, corn

Canned Tuna Free Essays

As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. We will write a custom essay sample on Canned Tuna or any similar topic only for you Order Now The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods. The argument is based on consumer complaints of nausea and dizziness after consumption of canned tuna. But chemists have tested some samples of canned tuna and have reported that they are free from any chemical which can pose a health risk. In response to the complain of the customers, some eight million cans of tuna has been sent and tested by the chemists of Promofoods. The chemists reported that the canned tuna are free from the five out of the eight chemicals which can cause symptoms of dizziness and nausea. And the other three cannot be blamed because they are naturally found in all types of canned food. But the results of the test do not provide strong evidence to proof that the canned tuna is free from chemicals which can pose health risk. The chemists have reported that the three chemicals found in canned tuna are found in other canned food also. So, they are harmless. But we should remember that chemicals in contact with different substances behave differently. So, the three chemicals might become harmful when they come in contact with tuna. So, the chemists must have tested how these chemicals behave when they are present in canned tuna. Again, a substance might be harmless when it is present in small amount. But the same substance might be harmful when it is present in large amount. So, while testing the chemists should have determined the percentage of these chemicals in canned tuna. The test reports are being based on the tests done on the eight million samples but not on those which actually caused the customers to complain. The consumed cans should have been brought and tested in order to proof with stronger evidence the safety in consumption of canned tuna. Again, the chemists have concentrated only on the eight chemicals which can cause dizziness and nausea. But there are chemicals too which can cause these effects in the consumers. Therefore, the chemists should not totally ignore the presence of other chemicals. In short, we see that the tests conducted by Promofoods have failed to provide sufficiently strong evidence that can proof that the canned tuna was not responsible for causing dizziness and nausea among the consumers. It should have performed more detailed analysis of the consumed cans and reported the results with stronger evidence and precision. How to cite Canned Tuna, Papers

Canned Tuna Free Essays

As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. We will write a custom essay sample on Canned Tuna or any similar topic only for you Order Now The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods. The argument is based on consumer complaints of nausea and dizziness after consumption of canned tuna. But chemists have tested some samples of canned tuna and have reported that they are free from any chemical which can pose a health risk. In response to the complain of the customers, some eight million cans of tuna has been sent and tested by the chemists of Promofoods. The chemists reported that the canned tuna are free from the five out of the eight chemicals which can cause symptoms of dizziness and nausea. And the other three cannot be blamed because they are naturally found in all types of canned food. But the results of the test do not provide strong evidence to proof that the canned tuna is free from chemicals which can pose health risk. The chemists have reported that the three chemicals found in canned tuna are found in other canned food also. So, they are harmless. But we should remember that chemicals in contact with different substances behave differently. So, the three chemicals might become harmful when they come in contact with tuna. So, the chemists must have tested how these chemicals behave when they are present in canned tuna. Again, a substance might be harmless when it is present in small amount. But the same substance might be harmful when it is present in large amount. So, while testing the chemists should have determined the percentage of these chemicals in canned tuna. The test reports are being based on the tests done on the eight million samples but not on those which actually caused the customers to complain. The consumed cans should have been brought and tested in order to proof with stronger evidence the safety in consumption of canned tuna. Again, the chemists have concentrated only on the eight chemicals which can cause dizziness and nausea. But there are chemicals too which can cause these effects in the consumers. Therefore, the chemists should not totally ignore the presence of other chemicals. In short, we see that the tests conducted by Promofoods have failed to provide sufficiently strong evidence that can proof that the canned tuna was not responsible for causing dizziness and nausea among the consumers. It should have performed more detailed analysis of the consumed cans and reported the results with stronger evidence and precision. How to cite Canned Tuna, Papers

Marketing Management Market Orientation Methods

Question: Describe about the Marketing Management for Market Orientation Methods. Answer: Introduction According to Doole and Lowe (2012), Marketing management is the process which an organization follows that focuses on the application of market orientation, methods , and management of marketing resources . Organizations that operate on an international level are quite keen on developing a marketing management plan, as it would analyse the companys position and the ways of enhancing the position of the company. Marketing helps the organization to identify its potential customer base and create specific customer segment, and launch embattled promotional and advertising campaigns(Ferrell and Hartline 2012). Marketing strategy portrays a road map for the organization regarding the process of marketing and includes various other elements which helps in the enhancement of the company. In this report, a case study on HSBC bank is done, that would give a detailed structure regarding the marketing strategies of the company. Information regarding the companies activities in considered, along with its market environment. PORTER AND PESTEL analysis is conducted in order to know about the micro and macro factors of the environment in which the company prevails (Fifield 2012). Marketing strategy and marketing mix plan of the company is analysed to get a knowledge regarding the objectives of the company. In the end recommendations are made to help the company to from a strong base in Australia. Background Of The Company According to HSBC.com. (2016), HSBC is a multinational banking and financial service corporation that has its headquarters in London, United Kingdom. It is considered as the fourth largest bank. Its total assets are of us$2.67 trillion. It was established by the Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation limited to act as a new group holding company. HSBC has 7500 offices in 87 countries all over the world. It is spread widely with around 220,000 shareholders among 124 countries. It provides a range of services like personal financial services, commercial banking, market private banking and investment banking. The bank is mainly operated in Hong Kong, Asia Pacific region, Europe, Australia and America. Being on the fourth position with respect to its assets, almost 22% of its profits are derived from Hong Kong. It has been termed as the worlds local bank. It has been successful in understanding the important and function of different market all the way through the skill gained in international trade. HSBC being a global company has greatest respect for different companies . Their motto is to provide personalised services and aid to its customers that fits the specific needs. Within Australia, HSBC has a chain of 25 branches as well as other direct channels. The growth of the company is relatively slow in Australia compared the other countries. Most of the population is mainly focussed at the domestic banks of the country. HSBC needs an extensive framework of marketing strategies and implementation of those plans in order to expand its market share in the country Market Segmentation As stated by Gilligan and Hird (2012), a market segment for an organization must be conducted in order to achieve the attributes of accessibility, measurability, profitability and large size. If the chosen segment fulfills all these attributes, then creation of that segment must be considered. For a banking and financial institution like HSBC, 75% of its customer base is derived from the commercial banking in Australia. In retail banking sector, HSBC has to compete with various other banks such as commonwealth bank, ANZ bank, Westpac, Bendigo bank, etc. In Australia 77 % of teh resident assets are done by the four major domestic bank of teh country. HSBC stands at a position with only 13.4% (Ryle et al. 2015). The current need of the hour is that HSBC needs to understand that there are various segments in the country than can be created by keeping in mind the core competency and accordingly creating the segment (Wilson and Gilligan 2012). As it eh case of commercial banking, the domestic banks have already taken its toll, HSBC must pay attention to the retail banking sector. HSBC must focus on the age group which includes people who are just freshers, out of college or into new jobs or have entered into a business entrepreneurship. Even though the net count of these customers, would not be high, yet they would spend more in comparison with the higher age group. These is a great scope to expand their credit card services. Hence, these customers are targeted as potential customers (Hollensen 2015). Market Targeting As stated by Westwood (2013), based on the segmentation done, HSBC must target the segment including the people of age group 18 to 35 years. The segmentation done must be divided into two sub sections, where one part would be the people who are interested in the basic requirements of personal banking services, whereas, the other section could be interested in other products such as personal banks, mutual funds, personal finances, etc. Hence, in accordance with the subsections made among the segments, HSBC must target the customers. Market Positioning Positioning HSBC would be considered as an important element to decide the success or failure of the extension plan. In Australia, HSBC has a collective share of only 17%, which shows that it has a long way to go in order to establish its position and declare itself as a powerful banking institution. Local factors and old beliefs have positioned the domestic banks of the country as more reliable and easily accessible institution than the other international banks (Kotler et al. 2015). Therefore, it is important for HSBC to focus on positioning itself as a successful bank with a powerful brand name. HSBC needs to invoke its international exposure and innovative and influential banking products in order to convince the target customers. Macro Factors According to Anton (2015), PESTEL analysis is aimed at determining how an organization would get affected by the macro factors of the environment. It helps to develop the business strategies, by analysing various macro factors. Political : HSBC being a multinational company, has been controlled by various laws and regulations prepared by different governments of different countries where they are operating. The organization has been maintaining the policies made by each government which further ensures the stability and successful completion of business operations of HSBC (Yksel 2012). Economical : HSBC has been able to secure a successful economic strength in the field of banking and finance. In spite of the dangers that the company faces in various parts of the world, a good administration base of the company helps it to go beyond the struggles. It enables the company to attain an equipped economic condition and create a guard against unemployment (Riasi 2015). Social : HSBC is highly influenced by the social conditions of different places. The primary aim of the company is to provide service to every society in order to provide them with facilities of the resources by HSBC. The company aims at getting a good name among the customers so that it assures that everything will be under control and customary (Ghosal 2013). Technological: the emergent of upgraded versions of technology and internet effects the working of HSBC in the past years. The company integrates the upliftment in technology and efficiently communicates with its customers globally. Except these, HSBC also uses some advanced techniques that helps the company to raise their advancement in production and operations. It makes it easier to achieve their goal. Environmental: HSBC acknowledges variations in governments challenging organizations to reduce their carbon footprints. HSBC has been dedicated to reduce its own carbon footprints by reducing waste, transport emissions and improve energy efficiency. Legal : increase in government regulation from the European Union, increments in capital necessities and as well as new anti-money laundering requirements means that HSBC deals with legal compliance that is costly and time consuming. Micro Factors Micro factors of HSBC have been analysed using the porters five forces. It is designed to help the financial professionals and other managers in order to determine the influential factors. Potential entrants : HSBC has many competitors in Australia from the other international banks that are or have planned to penetrate into the country. In spite of receiving threats from the market, HSBC was still able to set high standards for competition. HSBC supports a strong branding image and as it does not have any fear from loss of customers. Bargaining power of customers : HSBC has formed a value that has influenced the occupation from one of the two important forces customers power. HSBC has managed its customers as a result of allowing the company to gain customer faithfulness. This provides the company of getting a chance if being a leader in the banking industry (Peck et al. 2013). Threat of substitutes : an important threat faced by HSBC is the threat from its competitors new products and services. This threat increases the urge in the organization to work hard in order to influence their position. HSBC has created four sections to focus on various customer strategies. This would help the company to understand the problems and satisfy the customers more efficiently. Bargaining power of suppliers : the power provided to the customer mirror to the supplier power. This lays emphasis on two important points, one is the size and concentration whereas the other is differentiation of the materials being supplied. HSBC uses the strategy of price discrimination in accordance with the difference it the price paid by each buyer . Rivalry among current competitors : there are many competitors of the banking and financial sector. HSBC uses competent strategy to maintain the control among them. As the rivals of HSBC are capable enough to raise their standards at par with HSBC, therefore, HSBC plans various strategies to confirm that they are the first choice of the clients. Consumer Perceptions and Behaviour Consumers perception towards a brand plays a major role in doing judgement for a product. Hence, it becomes important for an organization to understand the marketing strategy and analyse consumers perception towards that particular product. HSBC has to set up a business of foreign bank in Australia. Australia already has well known and successful domestic banks, that has 77% of the assets of the country. HSBC has transformed its identity from being a finance based organization towards a banking organization. However, a lot needs to be done in order to acquire the desired position in such a well advanced country. Various survey results shows that a larger part of the country, still has a firm belief over the domestic banks of the country, rather than the international banks. The factor that drives the force against HSBC is brand perception, and accessibility to the bank. Many people are of the opinion that HSBC is more engrossed in commercial and financial aspects of banking. This perception is due to the fact, that back in 1960s, HSBC had stated its business in Australia as a financial organization. Hence, some of the customers still hesitate in preferring HSBC as their personal bank (Liu, Liu and Zhang 2014). Another important aspect of customer behaviour is the preference given to banks which are easily accessible. In the world of internet banking, there are huge number of people who prefer banks to be easily accessible. In this context, domestic banks of Australia have a greater advantage over HSBC. The branches of HSBC is quite low in comparison with the domestic banks of Australia. This is another reason for the lack of personal banking customers of HSBC in Australia (Pavlou and Stewart 2015). It is quite crucial for HSBC to change the perception of the countrymen. In order to do so, hsbc need to portray their brand a completely an Australian unit rather than a subsidiary brand. Secondly, HSBC must plan to open new branches in commercial as well as in residential areas. This will help in grabbing the attention of the local people of Australia. Marketing Mix Marketing for the financial and banking services poses different challenges for the company. marketing mix aims at providing a descriptive analysis on the product, price , place and promotional activities of the organization. (Hassan and Craft 2012). Product The products is considered as the main element in a companys marketing strategy. Poorly designed service products are not successful in generating any value for the customers. The primary aim of the product is to create a unique service that would comparatively offer more service to the customers than the competitors of the bank. The product must be efficient enough to satisfy the wants of the customers. Keeping all the details and needs in mind, HSBC has prepared various unique featured products, such as : Prepaid card : HSBC has planned to launch two prepaid cards namely HSBCs financial manager and HSBCs budget manager. The financial manager manages the spending money of the customer by transferring the spending money of the bank account into the card. The budget manager has a smaller annual load than the financial manager. The new system of prepaid cards are free from any kind of fee and it offers the same flexibility equivalent to the debit and credit cards. Real Time Balance Alerts : real time balance alerts are sent to every client of HSBC after every transactions made. It updates the client regarding the amount transacted and the balance that remains in the balance. Online Banking : HSBC manages flexibility in assessing the customers financial possessions. The clients can access the official website of HSBC and set standing orders on the amount of money to load onto the budget every month. It implements efficiency in the function and thereby reduces effort of the customers (Pealoza , Toulouse and Visconti 2013). Optional Savings Account : as stated by Taleghani et al. (2012), bank customers who pay more than a certain limit at regular intervals, qualify for HSBCs current account advance. It can be used to make regular payments or standing orders from the customers current account to save certain amount every month. This characteristics is ideal for the clients who have fixed income. Price According to Rothaermel (2015), the pricing policy of the products of HSBC must be efficient in nature as they have to look after two components. At first it must be able to attract the customers towards itself and secondly, it must be able to generate revenue for the company. There are five main components to influence the pricing decisions of a company maximisation of profit , survival, social considerations, market share maximisation, and personal objectives. It is quite unlikely that any increase in the interest rate would attract the clients, hence, there must be a base lending rate that provides the minimum revenue for banks and financial institutions. There must be also a fixed prepaid card fee. If the customers save money in order to gin the facilitates of the customers current account, the that proves to be highly beneficial for the bank to raise capital. Place The place element is very deals with the delivery of the product to its customers either physically or by using appropriate methods. Failure in making a service product available trot eh customer would result in failure , regardless of how good the product was. HSBC has an extensive branch network and also user affable internet banking system (Stites 2015). Promotion As per Marshall (2014), Promotion element depend son the efficient communication system followed by the company with its clients. The main objectives of promotion is to gain clients, provide additional information regarding the products to the clients and to persuade the clients to buy the product. Advertising, newspapers, magazines, social medias and outdoor promotions must be undertaken by the company to enhance promotions of their products. Press release, brochures and posters are also effective to grab the attention of customers in order to persuade them. Recommendation The above marketing strategies give a clear view of how HSBC could achieve major success in the Australian banking industry. Currently Australia is domination by its domestic banks with a total share of 77%. The analysis shows that there is great scope for HSBC to spread in the country and expand its services. HSBC should emphasize on providing high quality customer service and secured banking service to the people. In the current situation, any organization that can provide high end services and facilities to its customers can survive in the market. HSBC needs to integrate its products, customer services and overall business and pricing strategy in such a way that it seems expedient and favourable to the people. References Anton, Roman (2015). "An Integrated Strategy Framework (ISF) for Combining Porter's 5-Forces, Diamond, PESTEL, and SWOT Analysis." (2015): 21-26. Doole, I., and Lowe, R. 2012.International marketing strategy. Cengage Learning. Ferrell, O. C., and Hartline, M. 2012.Marketing Strategy, Text and Cases. Cengage Learning. Fifield, P. 2012.Marketing strategy. Routledge. Ghosal, S. N. 2013. A pragmatic strategy for banks to counter recession is to garner funds and encourage entrepreneurship focus on reticular activity trend and not be cauldron for politicians and bureaucrats.SAARJ Journal on Banking Insurance Research,2(5), 24-37. Gilligan, C., and Hird, M. 2012.International Marketing (RLE International Business): Strategy and Management(Vol. 17). Routledge. Hassan, S. S., and Craft, S. 2012.Examining world market segmentation and brand positioning strategies.Journal of Consumer Marketing, 29(5), 344-356. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. HSBC.com. (2016). HSBC Group corporate website | HSBC Holdings plc. [online] Available at: https://www.hsbc.com/ [Accessed 8 Sep. 2016]. Jurevicius, Ovidijus. "PEST PESTEL Analysis,"."Strategic Management Insight13 (2013): 2013. Kotler, P., Keller, K.L., Manceau, D. and Hmonnet-Goujot, A., 2015.Marketing management(Vol. 14). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Liu, M., Liu, T., and Zhang, T. J. 2014.A Comparative Study of the Differential Marketing Strategies of Four State-Owned Commercial Banks. In Finance Forum (Vol. 6, p. 005). Marshall, G., 2014.Marketing management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Pavlou, P. A., and Stewart, D. W. 2015. Interactive Advertising: A New Conceptual Framework Towards Integrating Elements of the Marketing Mix. In New Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium (pp. 218-222). Springer International Publishing. Peck, H., Christopher, M., Clark, M., and Payne, A. 2013.Relationship Marketing. Routledge. Pealoza, L., Toulouse, N., and Visconti, L. M. (Eds.). 2013.Marketing management: A cultural perspective. Routledge. Riasi, A., 2015. Competitive advantages of shadow banking industry: An analysis using Porter diamond model.Business Management and Strategy,6(2), pp.15-27. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Ryle, G., Fitzgibbon, W., Cabra, M., Carvajal, R., Guevara, M.W., Hamilton, M.M. and Stites, T., 2015. Banking Giant HSBC Sheltered Murky Cash Linked to Dictators and Arms Dealers.International Consortium of Investigative Journalists website, February,8. Taleghani, M., Biabani, S., Gilaninia, S., Rahbarinia, S. A., Mousavian, S. J. 2012. The Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Relationship Marketing Benefits. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(3), 78-86. Westwood, J., 2013.How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Wilson, R.M. and Gilligan, C., 2012.Strategic marketing management. Routledge. Yksel, I., 2012. Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis.International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), p.52.

Hemingway Essay Research Paper ERNEST HEMINGWAYBIOGRAPHYOn the free essay sample

Hemingway Essay, Research Paper ERNEST HEMINGWAY Biography On the day of the month of July 21, 1899 Ernest Hemingway, a now known superb author, was born. Hemingway was conceivably the lone author to accomplish the combination of international famous person and literary stature in the 20th century. Hemingway was brought up in the small town of Oak Park, Illinois, near to the prairies and forests West of Chicago. Both here and in Michigan, he could research, cantonment, fish and Hunt with his male parent, Dr. Clarence Hemingway. In Chicago he would go to concerts, operas and visit art museums with his female parent, a instrumentalist and an creative person. Hemingway attended Oak Park and River Forest High School, where he was an active author. He wrote articles, verse forms and narratives for the school? s publications mostly based on his ain experiences. The twelvemonth Hemingway graduated he rapidly secured a occupation with the Kansas City Star. We will write a custom essay sample on Hemingway Essay Research Paper ERNEST HEMINGWAYBIOGRAPHYOn the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There he received a writing manner sheet that instructed: ? Use short sentences. Use short foremost paragraphs. Use vigorous English. ? ( Parshall 1 ) . These were regulations he neer forgot to incorporate into his plants to acquire to the bosom of a narrative. The undermentioned twelvemonth he entered World War I as a voluntary with American Red Cross ambulance unit as a driver. There he was wounded near the Italian/Austrian forepart. Hospitalized, he fell in love with his nurse, who subsequently called off their relationship. After World War I, Hemingway returned to northern Michigan to read, compose, angle, and later to work for the Toronto Star in Canada. In 1921 married his first married woman and moved to Paris. In Paris he continued to compose for the Toronto Star as a foreign letter writer. During his stay in Europe through the 1920? s, Ernest was influenced by bizarre authors like Gertrude Stein and Ezra Pound their literary compaction. Hemingway? s usage of these methods in short narratives and novels that captured the attending of critics and the populace. In the 1930? s, he turned to composing for causes, including democracy as he knew it in the Spanish Civil War and World War II. In each struggle he sought support for the side he favored. But he insisted on impartially depicting the truth of both wars, which he knew from firsthand experience. In the old ages following World War II, many critics said Hemingway? s best authorship was past. He surprised many of the critics when the novel, The Old Man and the Sea, was published.. This work led to his Pulitzer Prize in 1952. Two old ages subsequently he received the Nobel Prize for his? powerful, style-making command of the art or modern narrative? ( Griffin 1 ) for The Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway? s old ages following these awards saw few plants every bit successful as his novel or earlier Hagiographas. Hemingway was devastated that he could no longer compose as he one time did. During 1961 Hemingway, troubled by high blood force per unit area and mental depression, received daze interventions during two long parturiencies at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. He died July 2, 1961 at his place in Ketchum, Idaho, as a consequence of self-inflicted gunshot lesions and was buried in Ketchum. But as he had hoped, his composing lives on. His plants continue to sell really good and are translated in an amazing assortment of linguistic communications around the universe. HEMINGWAY HERO ? For Ernest Hemingway, the secondary universe which he constructed in his many narratives and novels served as a mirror to reflect his beliefs about the universe in which he lived? ( Relations to Fact Through Fiction 1 ) . Even though he reflected his beliefs in his plants he neer portrayed himself as the hero. Alternatively Hemingway created a hero that followed the same general codification in all of his plants. We by and large, name this adult male the # 8220 ; codification hero # 8221 ; ? this because he represents a codification harmonizing to which the hero, if he could achieve it, would be able to populate decently in the universe of force, upset, and wretchedness to which he has been introduced and which he inhabits. The codification hero, so, offers up and exemplifies certain rules of award, bravery, and endurance which in a life of tenseness and hurting do a adult male, as we say, and enable him to carry on himself good in the losing conflict that is life. The Hemingway hero of? The Snows of Kilimanjaro? is Harry. Harry is self pitying and see his present morbid province as the apogee of hapless picks and false, convenient values. However, through concluding, confrontation with his ain mortality, he achieved self-redemption. In? The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber? Francis is the Hemingway hero because he had bravery and faced his frights. If Francis would non hold went out on the safari the last clip and had so much bravery his married woman would non hold shot him. Mrs. Macomber killed him because she could no longer govern him. With Francis deriving so much self-pride he no longer sat back and allow his married woman darnel on him, without facing her. The Italian soldiers in? In Another State? are the heroes because they were non afraid to decease. The three male childs went to war and returned back to Milan with decorations for their courage for confronting decease. Santiago from? The Old Man and the Sea? is a hero because he was brave and was non afraid of decease. Santiago went out to sea, neer gave up, and knew he could survive anything that happened. Ole Anderson of? The Killers? does non wail. He takes the medical specialty softly and is non afraid of decease. In? A Farewell to Arms? Henry is non afraid to confront decease. He went to war. Subsequently he deserted the Italian Army, cognizing that he faced decease. He dove into the river and escaped. He swam to safety and boarded a train to Stresa where he reunited with Catherine. REFLECTIONS OF HEMINGWAY? S LIFE Hemingway did non merely create characters but created himself. The significance to that is that he took his life and intertwined it non merely into one of his narratives but about all of his narratives. As a author, Hemingway drew to a great extent upon his war experiences, as is seen in his earlier works that speak of work forces and adult females deprived, by World War I, of religion in the moral values in which they had believed, every bit good as, of those who lived with hostile neglect for anything but their ain emotional demands. Many of the state of affairss and characters in A Farewell to Weaponries came from Hemingway # 8217 ; s ain experience with the war in Italy. Not long after high school Hemingway volunteered as a Red Cross ambulance driver in 1917. Just like Frederick in the narrative he is earnestly wounded and taken to acquire medical attention. Henry was posted in northern Italy and, like Hemingway, received a lesion from a howitzer unit of ammunition. Even the inside informations of the lesion to the leg are based precisely on the novelist # 8217 ; s ain hurt. While Hemingway was retrieving he fell in love like Henry. The lone exclusion to that is that the adult female Hemingway fell in love with ran away and became engaged to an Italian Lord. ? He besides drew upon his love of fishing, hunting, and bull combat, where his Hagiographas Tell of work forces with simple characters and crude emotions, such as gladiators and toreadors? ( Roberts 8 ) . He wrote of their brave and normally ineffectual conflicts against fortunes. In The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other narratives Hemingway looked back on his African campaign from 1934. Most of the beginning stuff for The Old Man and the Sea comes from Hemingway # 8217 ; s ain experiences angling off the seashore of Cuba. Hemingway spent more than two decennaries of his life life on the island, and fishing was one of his favourite activities. Another episode in 1940 may hold besides served as a beginning for the novel. Hemingway witnessed a adult male and a male child in a little boat being dragged by a fish that the adult male had hooked. When Hemingway approached to seek to assist, the adult male had screamed at him to remain off. Hemingway watched the battle for half the twenty-four hours, eventually drawing his ain boat near plenty to throw some commissariats into the boat of the embattled fisherman and male child. Get downing with the exemplifying narrative and possibly this experience, Hemingway added deeper elements from the environment to flesh out Santiago # 8217 ; s character and develop the action of the narrative. Subject In? The Snows of Kilimanjaro? Harry himself see his life as a failure. ? He has prostituted his art? : each twenty-four hours of non composing, of comfort, of being that which he despised, dulled his ability and softened his will to work so that, eventually, he did no work at all. The months and old ages of idling faux pas by. He neer acts, he neer loves, he neer carries out his programs. He returns to Africa merely because he had one time been happy at that place, and he thinks possibly there he can work the fat off his psyche. Contemning the challenge of existent life all around him, he postpones composing the narratives he knows, and he postpones loving an eminently loveable adult female merely because she is his and is available at the present minute. Harry so becomes infected with the disease called sphacelus. He lays on his fingerstall where he flashes back to scenes from his life that he has saved to compose, taking pleasance in their callback but cognizing he will neer compose about them. He dreams of his younger yearss when he was capable of carry throughing and staying true to his endowment. Therefore the subject is don? T set off what you could hold done today to make tomorrow. Always have bravery and confront your frights in life is the lesson from? The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber? . Francis Macomber was a affluent American on a campaign with his beautiful, unloving married woman, Margot. On one of the first yearss out Macomber flees off every bit fast as possible to acquire off from the king of beasts alternatively of hiting due to his frights. This is similar to how he ignores his married woman? s rip offing wonts alternatively of facing her. Subsequently on Macomber has the opportunity to populate up to his frights once more which he does, by confronting a American bison and his married woman ( when he realized she was in Wilson? s collapsible shelter one dark ) . You may non ever cognize one? s true background and what is truly go oning in their life. That is a subject for? In Another State? . The storyteller for the narrative is in Milan for rehabilitation where he meets an Italian Soldier, a title-holder swordsman, whose manus has been wounded while at war that is besides in rehabilitation. The recovering of his manus does non look to hold the slimmest consequence on him at all. That does non look to be right idea the storyteller, for a title-holder swordsman to lose his manus and non care. The storyteller works at H is rehabilitation while the soldier believes it will neer work. One twenty-four hours while the storyteller is working at his rehabilitation he starts to give up hope. The soldier so starts shouting at him about how dense he is because finally it will work. The soldier goes to do a phone call after the battle. After his phone call he apologizes to the storyteller for shouting and tells him that he has merely lost his married woman. The storyteller so realizes that the soldier wasn? T worried about losing his manus he was more disquieted about his married woman? s life. Never give up no affair what the odds point to. This subject refers back to? The Old Man and the Sea? . Santiago went over 80 yearss without catching fish, but he would non give up. Peoples would speak about him, but he still went on and didn? t allow them acquire to him. When Santiago set out on the 85th twenty-four hours he neer thought about catching a marlin every bit large as he did. After being out for several yearss people were amazed when he returned place with the marlin skeleton, even though it was merely the skeleton. Peoples told him his bad fortune was eventually over. Lost love can be found but non ever maintain. This subject acquired from? A Farewell to Arms? . When Henry and Catherine meet for the first clip Henry attempts to score her. Henry so has to go forth for war. Henry so was sent to Milan after leg lesions to retrieve. That is where he meets up with her once more by a happenstance. There they began a passionate matter and autumn profoundly in love with each other. Henry is so sent back to war after his convalescence. Henry is so much in love he deserts the Italian Army and flights to Stresa to reunite with Catherine. Catherine at this point is pregnant with their kid. They escape to Switzerland together where Catherine goes into labour. Thingss travel awfully incorrectly while in labour and both Catherine and the babe dies. The subject for? The Killers? is sometimes decease International Relations and Security Network? T supposed to go on. Ole wasn? T at the eating house where he usually goes the dark Al and Max planned on killing him. Symbolism ? In Hemingway the symbols are inexplicit: they follow the Torahs of world to such grade that in themselves they form a whole, full-blooded narrative? ( Esther Murer 4 ) . The reader is at? autonomy? to detect that he is covering with really profound and true symbols. Most readers do non detect it at all, and read Hemingway merely about the same manner they read any ordinary narratives. Like the Macombers, Harry and Helen would look to be an ideal twosome with everything to populate for. But Harry is a morally ill adult male ; his physical lesion is symbolic of his inner unwellness. The lesion to his leg typify his illness, for it is a type of lesion and has been subconsciously self-inflicted. ( Harry had neglected a thorn abrasion and so treated it improperly. ) Like Francis Macomber he has been partly responsible for the loss of his manhood, and he has, or imagines he has, a devouring mate tidal bore to prehend any sexual advantage. ( The Snows of Kilimanjaro ) In? In Another Country? a symbol is when the Italian soldier returns three yearss after, after hearing his married woman was dead have oning a black set on his arm to mean bereavement. Santiago is a symbol of Jesus demoing how both of them went through so much agony. When he returns place after catching the marlin he carries portion of the boat up over his shoulder and that symbolizes Jesus being crucified. Santiago has to halt several times to take a drink of H2O typifying the people giving Jesus a drink while he was on the cross. When Catherine dies, Henry is forced to confront decease. It said her organic structure was like a statue. Sarcasm In? The Snows of Kilimanjaro? Harry is the type of adult male that believes he can manage anything that he doesn? Ts have to worry about those alleged? minor? things in life. Due to his sloppiness he became septic with sphacelus. As a consequence to his heedless actions he died because he neer took attention of a? minor? thing. In? The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber? it? s dry how Macomber foremost fails and so succeeds in runing, develops self-respect, but has his life ended merely when it began to be gratifying. What is meant by that is that Macomber first scampers off from his frights. He so becomes so fed up with his married woman? s remarks he goes out and challenges his frights by winning, and additions self-esteem. His married woman is so overwrought that he did this that she putting to deaths Francis. ? In Another Country? a soldier, a title-holder swordsman, went to war cognizing he was confronting decease but didn? T worry about it. As a consequence he had to go forth war because he had a hurt manus and had to be put in rehabilitation. At this point he was cognizant of the fact that his married woman was ill. He went to phone her and was so notified by the physician that she died of pneumonia out of the blue. The sarcasm of? The Old Man and the Sea? is that Santiago worked so difficult to maintain the marlin and all he returns place with is the skeleton. It all began on Santiago? s 85th twenty-four hours he caught a marlin bigger than any other marlin he has of all time seen. Santiago goes through two yearss and two darks of the hurting of his shoulders, back, and custodies because the marlin is to large to merely bind the line to the boat. When he eventually kills the marlin he ties it to the boat. Subsequently sharks come along and take the marlin bite by bite. He was able to kill merely a twosome of the sharks but so he became to be excessively much. Finally there was nil left of the marlin but the skeleton. It? s dry how Henry and Catherine go through so much together but yet can? t spend many old ages together. They are merely together for a short clip but still have a deep passion for one another. In? The Killers? it? s dry how where Ole was supposed to be killed was a barroom. A barroom used to be a topographic point where shots happened a batch. It? s besides dry how Ole didn? T show the dark the work forces planned on killing him. Setting In both? The Snows of Kilimanjaro? and? The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber? the scene is in Africa during the 1920? s while game runing with their married womans coming along on the trip. The importance of the scene in? The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber? is that if Francis did non travel on the campaign he would hold neer conquered his frights. If Harry had neer returned to Africa, he would hold neer been infected with sphacelus. Both? A Farewell to Arms? and? In Another State? takes topographic point in Milan during World War I and II. All the chief characters are at the wellness centres either working or recuperating. ? The Killers? took topographic point in an American metropolis around the 1920? s. ? The Old Man and the Sea? takes topographic point off the seashore of Cuba where Santiago gimmicks the Marlin. Santiago is from a little fishing town that doesn? Ts have much to offer. Most of the people around there fish for a life. With Santiago traveling 84 yearss without catching any fish it is difficult for him to last. If it wasn? T for Manolin he would hold nil to eat and no manner of purchasing angling come-on. A FAREWELL TO ARMS In A Farewell To Arm the novel follows the authoritative love affair expression until Hemingway alters the last chapter. The authoritative love affair expression to many would be: adult male meets adult female, adult male loses adult female, adult male gets adult females back. The adult male in this novel is Frederick Henry, one of the cardinal characters and the storyteller. Catherine Barkley is the other cardinal character. Frederick is a immature American ambulance driver with the Italian ground forces in World War I. The Italians are contending in the Austrian War. While working on the forepart lines Frederick meets a beautiful Red Cross nurse named Catherine Barkley, whose bride-to-be has already been killed at the conflict of the Somme. Henry is instantly attracted to her and at first attempts to score her as if it was a game to him. Henry becomes wounded by a trench howitzer shell and is taken to a infirmary in Milan to recover, there he meets up with Catherine once more who is working at the infirmary. Henry and Catherine get down a passionate matter but he has to go forth Catherine when he has recovered to return to the war forepart. The Italian forces are defeated by the Austrians and Germans and have to withdraw hurriedly. The Italian forces become broken and helter-skelter. Henry is forced to hit an applied scientist sergeant under his bid. In the confusion he is arrested by the Italian Military constabulary and charged with the offense of non being an Italian. Henry, cognizing he faces decease, dives into the river and flights. He swims to safety and boards a train to Stresa. He reunites with Catherine, who is so pregnant with his kid. With the aid of an Italian barman, they escape to Switzerland, a impersonal state war. In Switzerland they forget the yesteryear and Henry? s problems. The two of them live merrily and program to get married after the babe is born. When Catherine goes into labour, nevertheless, things have an unexpectable bend, a bend for the worse. The physician announced that her pelvic was excessively narrow to present the babe. He attempts an unsuccessful Cesarean subdivision, and Catherine dies in childbearing. ? To Henry, her dead organic structure is like a statue ; he walks back to his hotel without happening a manner to state adieu? ( Hemingway 329 ) . Bibliography The Hemingway Code. Relations to Fact Through Fiction. Online. hypertext transfer protocol: //ebbs.english.vt.edu/hthl/etuds/hall/homepage_text/papers/hemingwa.ppr.html AOL. 2 April 2000. 3 pages. Hemingway, Ernest. A Farewell to Arms. New York: Simon A ; Schuster, 1995. Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Simon A ; Schuster, 1995. Hemingway, Ernest. The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories. New York: Charles Scribner? s Sons, 1970. Martinetti, Ron. American Authors. Hemingway: A Look Back. Gale Group, 2000. Online. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.americanlegends.com/authors/index.html AOL. 9 April 2000. 3 pages. Murer, Esther. Jens Bjorneboe. Hemingway and the Beasts. Esther Greenleag Murer. Pax Forlag. 1972. Online. hypertext transfer protocol: //home.att.net/~emurer/texts/hemingway.htm AOL. 2 April. 2000. 8 pages. Parshall, Gerald. Papa and All His Children. U.S. News. 1998. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/980601/1papa.htm. 31 Mar. 2000. 5 pages. A Short Biography of Author Ernest Hemingway. Ed. Redd F. Griffin. 1999. Online. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hemingway.org/life/biography.html AOL. 2 April 2000. 2 pages.

7 Dramatic Monologues by Greek Playwright Sophocles

7 Dramatic Monologues by Greek Playwright Sophocles Here is a collection of ancient yet profound dramatic speeches from The Oedipus Plays by Greek playwright Sophocles. Each dramatic monologue is ideal as a classical audition piece. Also, English students can use them as study resources for analyzing the characters. Antigone’s Defiant Monologue: This scene is a favorite from Antigone and is an excellent exercise for a young female performer. Antigone delivers this commanding speech, defying the laws of the king in order to follow her conscience. Shes a stubborn young woman, intent on civil disobedience in order to fulfill her family obligations and what she believes is a higher law of the gods. She will risk punishment rather than settle for a noble life without honoring her dead brother.Creon from Antigone:  At the beginning of the  play,  Creon sets up the conflict that will lead to Antigones defiance. His two nephews, Antigones brothers, died in a duel over the throne. Creon inherits the throne by default and gives one a hero’s funeral while determining the other was a traitor whose body should rot unburied. Antigone rebels against this and buries her brother, resulting in her punishment. Besides this monologue, there is another at the end of the play  that is also worth y. In the play’s finale, the antagonistic Creon realizes that his stubbornness has led to his family’s demise. That is an  intense, gut-wrenching monologue. The Chorus from Oedipus at Colonus: Greek Drama isn’t always dark and depressing. The Chorus monologue is a peaceful and poetic monologue describing the mythic beauty of Athens.Jocasta from Oedipus the King: Here, the mother/wife of Oedipus Rex offers some psychiatric advice. She tries to allay his anxiety over the prophecy that he would kill his father and marry his mother, unaware that both have already occurred. Freud must have loved this speech.Antigone’s End: Towards the end of her young life, Antigone contemplates her actions and her fate. She is sentenced to be walled up in a cave and die a slow death for her defiance of the kings edict. She maintains that she made the correct choice, yet she wonders why the gods have not yet intervened to bring justice in her situation.Ismene from Antigone: Antigone’s sister, Ismene, is often overlooked in student essays, which makes her a terrific topic to analyze. This dramatic monologue reveals the duplicitous nature o f her character. She is the beautiful, dutiful, outwardly obedient and diplomatic counter to her stubborn and defiant sister. Yet, they have lost both of their parents and their two brothers to suicide and duels. She counsels a safer course of obedience to the law, to live another day. Oedipus the King: This monologue is a classic cathartic moment. Here, Oedipus realizes the wretched truth about himself, his parents, and the terrible power of fate. He has not escaped what fate foretold, he has killed his father and married his mother. Now, his wife/mother has committed suicide and has blinded himself, determined to become an outcast until he dies.